Famous Creative Thinkers in the World Essay Example for Free

Famous Creative Thinkers in the World Essay It is said that there is greatness in everybody, and it only requires the right place and time to burst out and bless the world. This planet has been blessed to have amazing people walk among us, and they have revolutionized the way people perceived certain ideologies. Jesus Christ, Leonardo Da Vinci, Martin Luther King, Benjamin Franklin and Voltaire, just to mention a few are accredited to have left a mark in this world. With none claiming to be any special than any other man, they stood out to make this world a more comfortable place to live in during their time. Quentin Tarantino, a film director, actor, producer and screenwriter is one of the great men that the 21st century has been blessed to have. With a creative, innovative and ever awe-inspiring works, Quentin has become a figure in society that many people can look up to. His films are usually characterized by non-linear storylines, a glorification of violence and a satirical subject matter that in most times results in an exhibition of neo-noir characteristics. His creative genius by the use of mix and match genre as well as an infusion of music and the morphing of old works and making them new and better are his main characteristics that define him. Quentin’s works have always had a cut above the rest because they seek to contribute largely to the society in general. Whether in educating, reminding or entertaining the society, Quentin has had movie lovers at the edge of their seats and in turn, he has received awards for the same. Quentin has entertaining movies like Pulp Fict ion (1994) that is considered one of the greatest if not the greatest movie produced of all time and Django Unchained that seeks to tell the story of slavery. Movies with stories that remind human beings of their past, or those that make them forget about the daily hassles of life have garnered him success as well as health, although without their share of problems. For example, making of a slavery movie was initially not favored by potential audiences, and it received severe criticism although it resulted to his highest grossing movie of all time. On the other hand, other movies are criticized as having too much violence which is mostly in his line of creativity. The solutions to these problems were primarily making movies that are entertaining and educative, that leave out the brutality of the times that the movies are based on. The second is that the action movies he directs or produces are made for the enjoyment of the entire family, without vulgar language and sometimes incredible humor. For a creative thinker, obstacles are a daily routine since thinking outside the proverbial box is commonplace. For Quentin, research is the initial step towards a resolute creative thinking process. This means a lot of reading and comparisons of different scripts and different possibilities. Tarantino’s creative thinking process revolves around all matters that seem reasonable and worth investing in, promoting ideologies and uplifting talented scriptwriters. Although he is attributed to having anger issues, his movies cannot be remade any better without denying the audience their intended purpose. For example, Django Unchained was meant to educate and remind the American of the past that they are too ashamed of to remember. His works fit perfectly in the 21st century movie making field where creativity and the ‘anything goes’ attitude is prime. Having been an avid movie fan, a trained actor, movie critique and an investor, Tarantino has continued to expand both h is knowledge and skill in the movie world. The age of computing has revolutionized the 21st century and the world has become a better place with computers. The age of computers, as this century is commonly referred to have experienced profound effect in all industries that have chosen to adopt the technology. Grace Murray Hopper (nicknamed ‘amazing Grace’), an American computer scientist as well as the United States navy rear admiral had notable contributions to the world of technology and modern warfare. She is among the pioneer programmers of Harvard Mark one computer, and she developed the first compiler for a computer programming language. This was her first most significant contribution to society. She is also renowned for popularizing the term ‘debugging’ as a term for fixing computer glitches. It is probably because of her sense of patriotism that she volunteered to join World War II, and she was sworn into the Navy reserve where she gained an exemption to enlist because she was underweight. This was among the first hurdles in her career, but what she did not have in physical attributes; she more than made up for them in brains. Throughout her career in both industry and academia, Hopper was a consultant for the United States Naval Reserve as well as a lecturer there. She held several posts in leadership through her career both outside the Navy and also within the Navy. Her technical and marketing skills proved to be of great use to her as she also demonstrated superb political and general business acumen. The major hurdles that she had to overcome were the computer bugs that she was working on while in Harvard. However, working alongside brilliant minds, she co-authored several papers on computers. By the virtue of patience and perseverance, Hopper was able to tackle many of the problems she faced by herself, but in some, she got the assistance of fellow brilliants. She is said to have never turned down a good idea from anyone regardless of their rank in the military of in the lab. By being involved in the successful programming of Mark I through III computers, she was awarded the Naval Ordnance Development Award. Nothing could have been done any different at the time, and up until now, the Mark computers are still formidable in the market. With the age of computing, Hopper’s works fitted perfectly with her time, and her innovations remain a valuable contribution to human beings. By being involved in the university’s academic program, Hopper was able to learn and continue to excel in her field of study and expertise. Up until her retirement, she was a lecturer and an academician whose contributions were noted and highly regarded. Until her death in 1992, Hopper remained an invaluable asset for the United States Navy, Harvard and the World at large. For that, the USS Hopper (DDG-70) Navy Destroyer and the Cray XE6 â€Å"Hopper† supercomputer were named after her in the United States Navy and NERSC respectively. References Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, USN. (2012, March 4). Biography Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, USN. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/hopper_grace.htm Everything Tarantino. (2014, May 27). Everything Tarantino. Retrieved May 31, 2014, from http://www.everythingtarantino.com/ Grace Hopper Biography. (2010, May 12). Bio.com. Retrieved May 31, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/grace-hopper-21406809#awesm=~oFPA4E99lVVRqY Quentin Tarantino Biography. (2013, September 27). Bio.com. Retrieved May 31, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/quentin-tarantino-9502086#awesm=~oFPAGvRhIMAhpw Source document

A Review of Recessive Genetic Diseases in Cattle

A Review of Recessive Genetic Diseases in Cattle Huan Yu Introduction Cattle are susceptible to a wide range of genetic diseases. The majority of inherited genetic diseases recognized in cattle are autosomal recessive, mainly due to the practice of â€Å"line-breeding†. The defective calf receives error gene inherited from both its sire and dam. However, if the inherited mutant gene comes from only one parent, such individual usually turns out to be a carrier of the disease without any symptoms (Patel, 2010). Genetic abnormalities contribute to poor performance and structural unsoundness to semi-lethal and lethal diseases. Since most genetic diseases are breed-specific, artificial insemination a widely used technique for cattle breeding may lead to high levels of inbreeding and an inevitable increase in the prevalence of recessive defects. Hence, it is imperative to increase the awareness of genetic diseases in cattle among animal breeders and farmers. This will stimulate strategies to reduce the economic loss due to such genetic diseases in cattle. More so, genetic tests for DNA markers such as Citrullinemia and BLAD may be utilised to identify animals with inherited defects at a very young age based on PCR-RFLP marker (Gholap, Kale and Sirothia, 2014). Also, there is need for cooperation among government agencies, veterinarians, animal scientists and farmers in the control of genetic defects among commercial cattle populations, by formulating and adopting good monitoring and control measures. This paper reviews some recessive genetic diseases in cattle with particular reference to its definition, genetic cause (DNA mutation) and the clinical symptoms. Furthermore, it also discuss some best practice to control the genetic disease in breeding population of dairy and beef cattle breeds. Recessive Genetic Diseases 1. Double Muscling or Muscular Hypertrophy Animals are described a â€Å"double-muscled† (see Fig. 1) when they have a myostatin mutation. Double muscle gene is caused by the mutation of the muscle growth inhibition gene located on the second chromosomes. It is a negative regulatory factor of the skeletal muscle growth, a member of the TGF-ÃŽ ² supergene family (Fiems, 2012). McPherron et al., (1997) noticed that these diseases are mainly found in Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle, which usually have an incredibly muscular look even if they do not exercise. Although, DM animals are touted to be beneficial to farmers, meat industry and consumers due to their valuable carcasses, however, they are more susceptible to respiratory disease, stress and dystocia, resulting in a lower robustness. Fig. 1. A fullblood Belgian Blue bull showing the double muscling phenotype. Adapted from McPherron et al., 1997. 2. Bovine Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (Weaver Calf) Bovine Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (see Fig. 2) is a recessive neurological disease most commonly reported in Brown Swiss pure and crossbred cattle since the 1970’s in Northern America and Europe. It is usually caused by mutations in the EZH2 gene and some rare reported cases have implicated mutations in the NSD1 gene (Gholap, Kale and Sirothia, 2014). Clinical signs of the disease includes hind limb weakness, ataxia, and dysmetria appear in homozygous individuals around 6 months of age with a progressive weakness extending over 2-3 years. The occurrence of this disease can be determined by mapping Bos Taurus autosome (BTA) 4:46-56 Mb and a commercially available diagnostic test marker for 6 microsatellite (MS) (McClure et al., 2013). Fig. 2. Eighteen-month-old Brown heifer affected by â€Å"Weaver syndrome† Adapted from Gentile and Testoni, 2006. 3. Arachomelia Arachnomelia is a monogenic recessive disease in cattle characterized by skeletal abnormalities and usually found in Brown, German Fleckvieh-Simmental cattle (Drà ¶gemà ¼ller et al., 2010). The causative mutation is due to SUOX gene (BTA5) encoding molybdohemoprotein sulphite oxidase and deleting c.1224-1225delC (Gholap, Kale and Sirothia, 2014). The affected cattle presents with fragile, thinner and longer legs in combination with stiffened joints. The fetlock joints are deformed and the skull malformations are characterized by shortened lower jaw, pointer head (see Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Phenotype of bovine arachnomelia in Brown Swiss cattle Adapted from Drà ¶gemà ¼ller et al., 2010. 4. Neuropathic Hydroceohalus (Water Head) Hydrocephaly is an abnormal increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranial cavity. It is accompanied by expansion of the cerebral ventricles, enlargement of the skull and especially the forehead, and atrophy of the brain which may result in stillborn or dummy calves (Arsdall, 2011). One mutation causing NH in the descendents of GAR Precision 1680, and a popular AI sire in high marbling Angus bloodlines. This disease most commonly found in Angus and Angus infused beef cattle. Affected calves are born dead with an extremely large cranium with little or no brain material or spinal cord (see Fig. 4). It is probable that a large percentage of mortalities relating to NH occur through embryonic or fetal loss during gestation, which causes the defect to go misdiagnosed or unnoticed. Fig. 4. Deformity in a stillborn calf due to neuropathic hydrocephalus Adapted from Vetbook.org, 2013. 5. Chondrodysplasia (Dwarfism) Bovine chondrodysplastic dwarfism (BCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder with the phenotype of short limbs, joint abnormality, and ateliosis (see Fig. 5). This disorder mainly results from the mutation of a single nucleotide substitution leading to an activation of a cryptic splicing donor site and a one-base deletion resulting in a frameshift mutation (Takeda et al., 2002). Clinical signs of the disease may present with wide variation, but the main feature is reduced length of bones with an endochondral growth pattern. The Dexter cattle that inherit two copies of the ACAN mutation will abort during the third trimester, while the heterozygous individuals will show the desired miniature cattle phenotype (Arsdall, 2011). Fig. 5. An example of the degree of dwarfism expressed in carriers Adapted from Davidson, 2008. Strategies for Controlling Genetic Defects Most genetic diseases are breed-specific that can cause the huge economic losses due to poor animal performance; structural unsoundness reduces the production and reproductive potential of the animal. Consequently, it is necessary to determine the cause of inherited defects. Moreover, controlling genetic diseases, ethical and legal considerations are also important methods to minimise the genetic diseases in breeding population of dairy and beef cattle breeds. Firstly, farmers should have good breeding records for each animal which include their sire and dam, date of breeding, the date of breeding, abnormality descriptions and photos or videos and causes of death, if the farmers cannot find the reason of death, they should ask help from veterinarians or state diagnostic laboratory (Jane and Trent, 2010). Some of the recessive genetic diseases are somewhat difficult to recognise because mutant gene inherited from only one parent is usually without symptoms. Therefore, good records by breeders will help to know the causes of death in controlling diseases and good diagnosis for the congenital defects. Secondly, animals that carry a defective gene should be prevented from passing it on to their offsprings by culling. DNA testing is currently available for the genetic diseases. The calf should be made to undergo blood typing within one-month of age to allow early diagnosis of underlying disease. Importantly, Bulls or semen should be purchased from reputable breeders, produced by parents who are not known to carry undesirable genes (Schalles, Leipold and McCraw, 1914). Although, the DNA testing is a huge financial burden as well as time consuming, however, a good diagnosis from one dead calf can save many others. In the last decade, the development of DNA tests for detecting BLAND and Citrullinemia has been effective in breeding population (Gholap, Kale and Sirothia, 2014). Furthermore, seed stock producers have an obligation to be honest with the customers and to ensure that their customers understand the consequences of using offspring from know carriers. Otherwise, the breeder’s reputations will be at stake, as well as reflect negatively on the entire breed. Conclusion Genetic diseases in dairy and beef cattle affect the economics of animal breeders and farmers, and it is a long way to developing DNA tests for the diagnosis of most diseases to check the spread of undesirable genes effectively. Farmers should cooperate with the breed association, extension and university personnel and veterinarians to eliminate and avoid these problems. The government also need to raise public awareness of genetic diseases in breeding population of dairy and beef cattle breeds via social media, advertisements and journals. References Arsdall, D. V. (2011). Neuropathic Hydrocephalus (NH) Water Head [online] Available from: http://calfology.com/library/wiki/neuropathic-hydrocephalus-nh-quotwater-headquot [Accessed 12 May 2015] Arsdall, D. V. (2011). Dwarfism (Condrodysplasia) [online] Available from: http://calfology.com/library/wiki/dwarfism-condrodysplasia [Accessed 12 May 2015] Carol Davidson (2008). American Dexter Cattle Association [online] Available from: http://www.dextercattle.org/adca/adca_article_chondrodysplasia.html [Accessed 13 May 2015] Drà ¶gemà ¼ller, C., Tetens, J., Sigurdsson, S., Gentile, A., Testoni, S., Lindblad-Toh, K. and Leeb, T. (2010). ‘Identification of the Bovine Arachnomelia Mutation by Massively Parallel Sequencing Implicates Sulfite Oxidase (SUOX) in Bone Development’, PLoS Genetics, vol.6, no.8, pp.e1001079 Fiems, L. (2012). ‘Double Muscling in Cattle: Genes, Husbandry, Carcasses and Meat’, Animals, vol.2, no.4, pp.472-506 Gholap, P. N., Kale. D. S. and Sirothia. A. R. (2014). ‘Genetic Diseases in Cattle: a Review’, Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.24-33 Gentile, A., Testoni, S. (2006). ‘Inherited disorders of cattle: a selected review’, Slov vet Res, vol.43, no.1, pp.17-29 Jane A. Parish and Trent Smith (2010) Managing Genetic Defects in Beef Cattle Herds [online] Available from: http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p2622.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2015] McClure, M., Kim, E., Bickhart, D., Null, D., Cooper, T., Cole, J., Wiggans, G., Ajmone-Marsan, P., Colli, L., Santus, E., Liu, G., Schroeder, S., Matukumalli, L., Van Tassell, C. and Sonstegard, T. (2013) ‘Fine Mapping for Weaver Syndrome in Brown Swiss Cattle and the Identification of 41 Concordant Mutations across NRCAM, PNPLA8 and CTTNBP2’, PLoS ONE, vol.8, no.3, pp.e59251 Patel, R. K. (2010). ‘Autosomal Recessive Genetic Disorders of Cattle Breeds Worldwide-A Review’, Journal of Livestock Biodiversity, vol.2, no.1, pp.35-41 Schalles, R. R., Leipold, H. W., McCraw, R. L. (1914). Congenital Defects in cattle [online] Available from: http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/Beef%20Cattle%20Handbook/Congenital_Defects_Cattle.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2015] Vetbook.org (2013) Neuropathic hydrocephalus – Cow [online] Available from: http://vetbook.org/wiki/cow/index.php/Neuropathic_hydrocephalus [Accessed 13 May 2015]

Devil on the Cross by Ngugi wa Thiong’o Essays -- African Authors Ken

Devil on the Cross was written by Ngugi while he was imprisoned. He was held without trail by a government that tried to silence him. The out come was a book that was â€Å"One of the century’s greatest novels† by the Tribune. In the following passages I plan to explain the meaning of four characters that are affected by capital class. The speaker of the passage â€Å"She sat down on a box†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the gorgeous protagonist; Jacinta Wariinga. Jacinta Wariinga is a young beautiful black woman who easily stops â€Å"men in their tracks.† She is like Thanksgiving dinner, a feast for the eyes. Jacinta moves with grace when she is without self-conscious. Underneath all her beauty, she is a suicidal person who hates her blackness. Jacinta truly hates her blackness because she uses â€Å"skin-lightening creams.† The skin-lightening cream rejects her skin color because the cream knows â€Å"that which is born black can never be white†. She clearly suffers from Cultural Imperialism. Cultural Imperialism has wiped out the music, culture and art many. The military has taken over lands for their own personal use, economic stability can not be reached between classes because the gap between the rich and poor has increased and political power is the only thing of importance. The people are of no impo rtance because if they were better living conditions and necessary items would be more accessible. Jacintas’ color coated thinking has led her to believe â€Å"that her appearance [is] the root cause of all her problems.† Jacinta analysis’s her many problems with a small mirror. Jacinta is using a small mirror for petty problems when she needs to be using a mirror like the one in my room, 7feet tall by 5 feet wide. With that mirror she can examine all the cultural imperialism flaws and not just her materialistic problems. The small mirror depicts her problems to be petty. If Jacinta truly wanted to analyze all of her problems she should a use a mirror like the one in my room, 5’ by 7’, she can clearly notice all of her flaws. Ngugi, clearly tried to show that her problems are petty because the size of the mirror. The speaker of the passage â€Å"Have I been on the road all this time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is Robin Mwaura the â€Å"rapper.† Robin Mwaura is a false artist. He is a trickster, a con artist, in today’s society Robin Mwaura would is considered a rapper, a great one at that. Mwaura would be an excellent rapper because h... ...He thinks he does, but in reality he doesn’t. Professor Gatuirira is trying to create a lie, but he doesn’t know he is. Music can create art â€Å"for many human voices† when it is true. The art the professor is trying to create is false. It is a cross over from American culture to African culture. He has â€Å"yet found the tune† because it is all white wash. Nothing that the professor studies to create his national anthem is relevant to his current situation. Even though he thinks it is right to create a national anthem, there is a flipside to this. That reality that the professor fails to see includes factions and class struggle. Africa is plagued by gender and sexism. It makes it difficulty for women to find jobs. The exploitation of middle and lower class by the upper class is selfishness. The selfishness leads to high corruption because everyone is trying to get rich. Nothing of what the professor wants the people to sing is true. Devil on the Cross shows the affects of the capital class. The age of Enlightenment dealt with reason and progress. Where the capital class tries to roadblock the ideas of the age of Enlightenment, it is up to the people to pick up the ball and succeed!

Devastated Asia - Tsunami Attack :: essays research papers

(Based on the December 26th attack) What Are Tsunamis, and What Causes Them? Tsunamis are ocean waves produced by earthquakes or underwater landslides. The word is Japanese and means "harbor wave," because of the devastating effects these waves have had on low-lying Japanese coastal communities. A tsunami is a series of waves that can travel at speeds averaging 450 (and up to 600) miles per hour in the open ocean. As the waves approach the coast, their speed decreases and their amplitude increases. Tsunamis are most often generated by earthquake-induced movement of the ocean floor. Landslides, volcanic eruptions, and even meteorites can also generate a tsunami. Areas at greatest risk are less than 25 feet above sea level and within one mile of the shoreline. From an initial tsunami generating source area, waves travel outward in all directions much like the ripples caused by throwing a rock into a pond. As these waves approach coastal areas, the time between successive wave crests varies from 5 to 90 minutes. Their Effect†¦ †¦on lives Most deaths caused by a tsunami are because of drowning. Associated risks include flooding, contamination of drinking water, fires from ruptured tanks or gas lines, and the loss of vital community infrastructure. †¦on hygiene Contrary to popular belief that rapid burial is essential to prevent outbreaks of disease, post-disaster, a report by the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) says: â€Å" dead bodies pose a negligible risk †. †¦on the infrastructure With most people focusing their attention on the losses suffered by the fishing community, in the aftermath of the tsunami, Tamil Nadu’s (deprived of aid) coastal farmers have to come to terms with destroyed crops, damaged soil and devastated livelihoods. Scores of farmers in Tamil Nadu face an uncertain future as the water that engulfed their fields, washing away crops, has left the soil saline and uncultivable. Although the extent of the damage is yet to be fully assessed, officials say that a substantial proportion of cultivable land has been contaminated by salt water. †¦on tourism Tourism constitutes a major sector of the Indian economy and it will be correct to say that it has been affected due to the tsunami tragedy. Tourists who were planning to go to the south – eastern coastal regions have cancelled their bookings at the last few minutes. Travel agents have had to deal with these last-minutes cancellations and there will be an immediate impact on the travel industry for India.

What practical steps could the European Parliament take to build awaren

The Preamble of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union explicitly states that the Union is founded upon â€Å"†¦principles of democracy† and â€Å"places the individual at the heart of its activities.† Putting these two founding ideas from the Preamble into a comprehensive guide for democracy in the European Union, one can deduce the importance of an individual’s participation within the supranational entity. Given that voter participation is an indispensable element of a legitimate democratic process, it therefore remains essential for the European Union to promote its democratic nature and intent. The easiest way to do this is through its only democratically elected body: the European Parliament. In order for both internal members and external observers of the Union to perceive it as a legitimate democratic entity, the Union ought to seek to maximize the democratic utility of the European Parliament. As the only directly elected instit ution within the European Union, the European Parliament carries a special and unique responsibility in establishing and maintaining the democratic reputation of the entire European Union. In this paper, by first providing a description of the Parliament and the deficiencies of its current role within the Union, I will suggest a variety of steps to be taken by both the European Parliament and the European Union to foster awareness and support of the institution amongst the European Public. The concept of an European identity, the role and use of the media, and the quality of election campaigns are three interrelated ideas that, if dually cultivated, could have a highly beneficial impact on the awareness and support of the European Parliament amongst the public. Although the purpose of... ...an Parliament is to draw attention towards what has been deemed a â€Å"communication deficit† (Bilska 2011). The final suggestion that I have found most ever-present in the literature regarding the high levels of the European public’s apathy towards the institution of the European Parliament is political campaigning. While the three aforementioned suggestions (development of a supranational identity, improvement of media coverage and improved campaign strategies) are frequently found in the literature concerning the normative behaviour of the European Parliament, most authors have failed to take into account ulterior factors that could be attributed to high citizen apathy. As proposed in this paper, I suggest that there are logistical deficiencies within the European Union as a whole which are contributing to the lack of European solidarity amongst its citizens.

Urban Sprawl and Motorization

Increasing urban sprawl and motorization have become leading causes of environmental and social problems in recent years throughout the world, particularly in cities of developing countries. Urban sprawl is the disorderly expansion of urban areas, especially resulting from real estate development on the out skirts of a city. Motorization, which is linked to urban sprawl, can be defined as the increasing use of motor vehicles. Although motor vehicles offer some benefits such as convenience, their use results in environmental and social problems. All sorts of people are concerned about this issue, and making some suggestion to solve these problems. This essay will describe six solutions for the environment and social problems, and demonstrate that land management, reducing car use and using hydroponics or aeroponic technology are more effective way to confront these issues. Climate change, which is caused by motorization and urban sprawl, is one of the most significant problems. Urban sprawl results in more energy use in transportation, and it also use in large homes on the urban fringe which leads to more heating and cooling. This creates global warming gases such as carbon dioxide into the air. There are two solutions that offer different degrees of effect for the problem of climate change. Nuclear technologies are one solution. In Gonzalez’s article, two international business organizations named the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) recommend using new technologies such as new renewable energy and cleaner fuels helps to reduce global warming. However, Gonzalez (2005) explains these technological solutions can only shift the ecological pressure and cut down the global warming problem in the short term. For instance, nuclear energy emissions will cause other major environment problems (Gonzalez, 2005). Another shortcoming about nuclear technologies from Gonzalez (2005) is that now no technology are able to effectively reduce climate change problem, and allow present percentage of economic increase and consumption to keep going meanwhile decreasing global warming. Then the author highlight that environmental issues will become more serious before the success of the new technologies. Another solution of climate change is environmentally sensitive land management. Gonzalez (2005) suggests regulating the distances of residential and work places, and creating these places smaller. As a result, although nuclear terminologies can reduce climate change problem in a short term, land management is the most effective means. Urban sprawl results in the dramatically increasing use of automobile. Frumkin (2001) notes that motorization causes a numerous greenhouse gas emissions into the air, and physical health problems, such as worse lung function, and the mental health issues that affect local communities, especially the elderly and the very young. Living in suburbs, where is peace and quiet, provides benefits for human’s health (Frumkin, 2001). Thus, it increases the rural population. Gonzalez (2005) urged that people should get rid of dependence on cars, and spend more time on walking, biking and public transit. This solution seems to create the best effects to decrease the gas emissions to solve health problems. Another social problem is loss of farm land. Kenworthy and Hu (2002, 5 cited in Martin , 2007) explains that the percentage of urbanized land in China is growing, but the land use per capita has declined from 164 to 146 in six Chinese cities in five years. Yardley (2004 cited in Martin 2007) states that more than 2 per cent of farmland was replaced by urban areas in 2003. There are two solutions that offer different benefits. First, for this problem, McCartney (2010) suggests that people who live in the city are able to grow food in their private gardens or on balconies. Moreover, the author points out that people can grow food in a large-scale by using hydroponic or aeroponic technology in the future. This technology reduces vehicle CO2 emissions and people do not need to worry about the impact of droughts or floods to crops. Therefore, using hydroponics or aeroponic technology offers more. In conclusion, urban sprawl and motorization brings a variety of environmental and social issues namely climate change, health problem and loss of farm land. In this article, providing a number of methods to solve these problems. While some ways of approaching this problems including nuclear technologies, moving to suburbs and planting food in people’s private gardens or on balconies are able to help to decline damage of problems, these solutions still have some drawbacks. Accordingly, more effective and long method to resolve these problems are land management, reducing car use and using hydroponics or aeroponic technology.

Coffee drinking enhances the analgesic effect of cigarette smoking Essay

              Addiction is defined as a state whereby one becomes one cannot do without a certain stimuli which one has compulsive engagement often getting a reward but the end results are adverse. An individual is not able to control the various aspects which form part of their addiction and they often compelled to repeat the same behavior or have the same substance over and over again. A habit may also become an addiction if one engages in the same habit often. Furthermore, the addiction of an individual to a certain substance or even an activity often leads to very serious problems which can be experienced at school, home and even within the social network that an individual has. There are several types of addictions and some of whi9ch will be analyzed and discussed in this essay include coffee addiction, internet addiction as well as cigarette or nicotine addiction. Internet addiction             Internet addiction, as the name suggests results from the constant and continued browsing through the internet and being online for longer hours without having any specific objective that one wants to achieve (Christakis, 61). The daily routine browsing and surfing ion the internet for longer hours whereby any interruptions of such activity causes one to become irritated often can be considered as internet addiction. The constant and unstoppable yet obsessive browsing of the internet started with the introduction and the use of internet. Over the years, this has grown a lot as a result of the developments and the ease of access to the internet which has been experienced (Christakis, 61). Internet addiction is experienced through the effect that online materials such as pornography, gaming, blogging, gambling and even networking have on individuals in the society. Internet addiction will manifest itself when one is seen to be pre-occupied with thoughts about the in ternet on the various activities they carry out on the internet.                Furthermore, the increased use of internet, depression, seemingly to be moody as well as restless when one attempt to stop using the internet also form signs of internet addiction (Christakis, 61). When one uses the internet to avoid real life situations, often tells lies about their involvement with the internet are also signs one may be addicted to the internet. The effects are that one becomes withdrawn from real life relationships, physical discomfort, anxiety and depression. Furthermore, it has negative effects on family, occupations, financial status as well as academic work and performance. To address this issue, one has to recognize and accept they have a problem (Christakis, 61). After determining and accepting there is a problem, one should seek a â€Å"Certified Addictions Counselor† who is trained on handling and treating internet addiction. Cigarette/Nicotine Addiction               The second type of addiction that is addressed in this paper is cigarette or nicotine addiction. This kind of addiction started long time ago and for many centuries people have been addicted to cigarette. The use of cigarette was in the past viewed as a way of showing prestige since people that were wealthy were the ones often seen smoking cigarettes (Balfour, et al., 438-45). It tobacco has been used for a long time across the world. However, it is to be noted that tobacco contains nicotine, an addictive substance and quite poisonous. Furthermore, when nicotine is taking in small doses, it can act as a stimulant to the central nervous system of the body which makes one become more active. The large part of nicotine is often metabolized in the liver after which it is excreted from the kidney. Nicotine is known to remain in the blood system for up to eight hours after one has stopped smoking. Smoking is a habit that one adopts and regular smoking makes the body tolerant to nicotine which then means one has to smoke more cigarettes to satisfy the craving that is developed (Balfour, et al., 438-45). As one continues to use cigarettes, the symptoms of withdr5awal are experienced which becomes an indication that one has developed dependency on cigarettes and cannot do without it hence addiction.               The signs of cigarette addiction can be seen when one starts smoking â€Å"few† sticks of cigarette after which one starts smoking a whole pack of cigarettes in a day. This is a clear indication that the individual has developed tolerance to the nicotine contained in the cigarettes hence needs large amounts of the same to satisfy the urge. The other sign of dependency on cigarette is withdrawal. This refers to the physical symptoms which can be observed in an individual when they stop of fail to use the cigarette which may include restlessness, anxiety as well as drowsiness among others (Balfour, et al., 438-45). Furthermore, a tobacco addict will also be seen to select to engage and be around people who smoke, take on jobs that will allow them to smoke as well as hiding or even sneaking cigarettes in areas where it is prohibited. For parents who are addicted, they will be seen to smoke even around their children despite knowing that it is harmful to th e health of their children.               The side effects of this addiction include lung cancer, emphysema, as well as heart disease.   The continued use of nicotine often results in high blood pressure, contraction of blood vessels hence inhibiting flow of blood (Balfour, et al., 438-45). The carbon monoxide from the cigarette smoke often results in insufficient oxygen in the blood. Furthermore, cigarette addiction results in one becoming nervous, always feeling shaky and even anxious for no good reason if they fail to use the cigarette. To address this type of addiction, one is required to seek professional help from â€Å"Certified Addictions Counselor† who will be able to provide professional help (Balfour, et al., 438-45). The support from family members as well as friends is also important in overcoming this addiction. Coffee Addiction             Coffee addiction is also another type of addiction which is seen to have affected the society quite a lot. Coffee addiction results from the intake of caffeine which is a stimulant (Nastase, Anca, et al., 921-24). Caffeine when taken often stimulates the nervous system and the continued use of coffee often results in physical dependence although quite mild. However, it is to be noted that caffeine is not as addictive as the other types of stimulants which people often use and it does not have the same threats to social, physical as well as economic health of an individual (Nastase, Anca, et al., 921-24).               Coffee has been in use for many centuries as a household drink most often taken in the morning or anytime that one feels they need to have coffee. It has been noted that when one takes two or even more cups of coffee in a day, and then stops abruptly the use of coffee, there are several symptoms which will be experienced. One is likely to experience symptoms of withdrawal such as headaches, anxiety, fatigue, depressed moods, irritability as well as difficulty in concentrating on one issue (Nastase, Anca, et al., 921-24). Caffeine use and dependency can be stopped, gradually by talking coffee in small quantities until that time when one completely stops using coffee. It is also advisable to seek professional help from a â€Å"Certified Addictions Counselor† who is in a better position to help out with the dependency. References Balfour, D., et al. â€Å"Diagnosis and treatment of nicotine dependence with emphasis on nicotine replacement therapy. A status report.† European Heart Journal 21.6 (2000): 438-445. Christakis, Dimitri A. â€Å"Internet addiction: a 21st century epidemic?.† BMC medicine 8.1 (2010): 61. Nastase, Anca, et al. â€Å"Coffee drinking enhances the analgesic effect of cigarette smoking.† Neuroreport 18.9 (2007): 921-924. Source document